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中国物理学会期刊

可旋转变焦的双层大数值孔径超透镜

Dual-Layer Large-Numerical-Aperture Metalenses with Rotational Zoom Capability

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  • 超透镜作为超表面研究的重要方向,在紧凑型光学系统中具有广泛应用潜力。近年来,基于Moiré效应的双层超透镜因能够实现变焦功能而受到关注。然而,现有Moiré超透镜理论基于抛物线型透镜相位公式推导,在大数值孔径条件下会导致球差累积,难以实现高精度聚焦。本研究提出一种基于理想无像差透镜相位函数的双层旋转变焦超透镜设计方法,通过设计双层超表面的相位函数分布,旋转其中一层超表面实现焦距调控。设计采用三角晶格排列的陶瓷圆柱单元构成超表面,利用有限时域差分法进行仿真验证,同时制备口径300 mm的双层样品在10 GHz频段进行验证性实验。结果显示,当旋转角从-60°增至60°时,焦距可从100 mm调节至300 mm,变焦比达3:1,最大数值孔径达到0.83,焦斑形态稳定,实测焦距变化趋势与理论模型一致。该设计实现了大数值孔径下的变焦功能,为进一步发展紧凑型变焦器件提供了理论与实验基础。

    Metalenses have emerged as a versatile platform for wavefront engineering, enabling compact and planar optical systems with unprecedented functional density. However, most reported metalenses rely on single-layer architectures that inherently support only a fixed focal length, which limits their application in tunable imaging and adaptive photonic systems. Dual-layer Moiré-type metalenses provide an alternative route toward zoom functionality by tuning the effective phase profile through relative rotation rather than axial translation. Despite this advantage, existing designs predominantly employ a paraxial parabolic phase approximation derived from the truncated expansion of the ideal lens phase. Such approximations become inaccurate under large-numerical-aperture (NA) conditions, where neglected higher-order phase components introduce spherical aberration accumulation and degraded focusing performance. Here, we present a non-paraxial design strategy for a dual-layer rotational zoom metalens based on the full ideal aberration-free phase function. By directly adopting the exact lens phase expression instead of the conventional parabolic approximation, higher-order phase contributions critical to large-NA operation are preserved. Zooming is achieved by engineering complementary phase distributions on two metasurface layers and dynamically modulating their combined phase via controlled rotation. To realize the target phase profiles, a dielectric metasurface operating at 10 GHz is designed using ceramic cylindrical resonators arranged in a triangular lattice. A systematic parametric optimization of lattice period, cylinder diameter, and height ensures complete a 2π phase coverage while maintaining transmission above 85%. The resulting phase-geometry mapping establishes a reliable unit-cell library for device construction. Based on this library, the dual-layer metalens is designed and evaluated through finite-difference time-domain simulations. A prototype with a 300 mm aperture is fabricated and experimentally characterized using three-dimensional near-field scanning measurements. Both simulations and experiments confirm continuous focal-length tuning as the rotation angle varies from -60° to 60°, corresponding to a focal-length range of 100 to 300 mm and a zoom ratio of 3:1. The device maintains a maximum NA of 0.83, and the measured focal spots remain well-confined and nearly diffraction-limited. The experimentally extracted focal-length variation agrees closely with theoretical predictions and simulations. These results verify the correctness of the non-paraxial design model and demonstrate the feasibility of achieving large-NA zooming in a dual-layer metasurface. This work provides a new pathway for lightweight variable-focus optics and holds significant potential for next-generation tunable imaging systems and compact optical platforms.

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