Superconducting rotor has great potential applications in the field of precision measurement due to its unique physical properties. The superconducting rotor magnetic levitation device can be used to fabricate high-precision angular velocity sensors. Under the action of external interference torque, the pole-axis deviation from the initial position is the cause of the superconducting rotor pole-axis drift error, in which the spherical surface error and the earth’s rotation belong to the main sources of error, and compensating for the pole-axis drift speed caused by the spherical surface error of the superconducting rotor is a key step in realizing the high-precision superconducting rotor magnetic levitation device. Based on this, the factors affecting the spherical surface error of a complete spherical superconducting rotor and the rotation of the earth on the pole-axis offset characteristics of a superconducting rotor are investigated. First, the magnetic support structure of the superconducting rotor is modeled based on the vector magnetic potential equation, the magnetic field strength distribution on the surface of the superconducting rotor in the ideal state (i.e. suspended in the center of the spherical cavity) is analyzed, and the magnetic support force characteristics are investigated. Then the magnetic support interference moment of the superconducting rotor caused by the spherical surface error is analyzed, and a superconducting rotor dynamics model is established based on the superconducting rotor dynamics equations, and the distribution law of the superconducting rotor pole-axis drift error under different rotor structural parameters is given. Finally, the influence of the earth’s rotation on the superconducting rotor drift test is investigated. The results provide a reference for subsequently improving rotor drift accuracy, optimizing rotor structure design and improving drift test methods.