This paper systematically investigates the charge state evolution behavior of carbon ions interacting with hydrogen plasma based on a cross-sectional model. First, the study explores the influence of introducing a "shifted" Maxwellian velocity distribution on the dielectronic recombination rate coefficients within the range of carbon ion incident energies from 1 keV/u to 100 MeV/u and hydrogen plasma electron temperatures of kT_e=1-1000eV. For the first time, rate coefficient data for this system are provided. Building on this, the research specifically solves the equilibrium rate equations encompassing various ionization and recombination processes for projectile carbon ions with an energy of 0.5 MeV/u, plasma electron temperatures of kT_e=3eV and 8eV and electron densities from 10¹⁸ to 10²⁰cm^-3. The results present the evolution of non-equilibrium and equilibrium charge state abundances of carbon ions penetrating hydrogen plasma as a function of plasma thickness, revealing the regulatory mechanisms of plasma conditions (temperature and density), projectile ion energy, and initial charge state on the charge state evolution of the ions. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamic behaviors of carbon ions in hydrogen plasma and neutral gas (hydrogen), the unique effects of the plasma environment on ion charge exchange are elucidated. The mean equilibrium charge state of projectile ions exhibits a positive correlation with electron temperature but a negative correlation with electron density. Of particular significance, the calculated equilibrium charge states in hydrogen gas targets are markedly lower than those in plasma environments. As the initial charge state of projectile ions approaches its equilibrium value, the equilibrium thicknesses for all charge states demonstrate a decreasing trend, accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the mean equilibrium thickness. This phenomenon has been consistently verified in both plasma and gas targets, with the mean equilibrium thickness values in gas targets being significantly smaller than those in plasma environments. Most importantly, when the initial charge state of projectile ions exceeds the equilibrium value, these ions display more pronounced energy loss characteristics in non-equilibrium regions. This study will serve as an important reference for research on the dynamic evolution and energy transport characteristics of ion-plasma interactions in the field of high-energy-density physics.