朱重熹; 陈鑫奥; 张城; 王涛; 蒋丽丹; 蒋茂化; 张鹏; 朱仁江

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250347

摘要

热电制冷(thermometric cooler, TEC)高精度温控技术广泛应用于精密半导体光电器件领域, 其控制精度对器件稳定运行至关重要. 然而, 传统比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)控制算法在毫开尔文级别的高精度温控应用中易出现超调与振荡现象, 难以满足应用需求. 本文深入分析TEC内部的电热耦合与热传导机制, 构建并验证了精确的TEC等效电路模型. 在此基础上, 提出了一种带动态直流偏置的自适应PID高精度温控算法, 算法通过实时计算温控误差及输出电流均值, 动态调整PID控制输出, 有效地抑制环境温度扰动引起的温控误差, 提高了温控系统的稳定性. 通过仿真分析验证了算法的高精度温控特性, 并且创新性地引入双路温度检测与补偿机制, 进一步提升了温控性能. 算法对PID参数具有较强鲁棒性, 核心逻辑简洁高效, 硬件实现复杂度低, 在工程实际中具有广泛适用性和良好的推广价值.

关键词:

Abstract

High-precision temperature control systems based on thermoelectric cooling (TEC) have important applications in maintaining the stability and operational precision of advanced semiconductor optoelectronic devices, including single-frequency semiconductor lasers, optical frequency combs, and photometric measurement systems. However, the intrinsic high thermal inertia and nonlinear electro-thermal coupling characteristics of TEC systems make it challenging for traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithms to achieve the required millikelvin-level (mK) precision due to their tendency toward overshoot and oscillation.In response to these issues, the internal electro-thermal conversion mechanisms, heat conduction, and dissipation dynamics of TEC systems are investigated in this work, and a high-precision temperature control approach is proposed based on an equivalent circuit model. By accurately constructing and verifying this equivalent circuit model, the oscillation characteristics and limitations inherent in traditional PID control are studied. Subsequently, an adaptive PID algorithm incorporating dynamic DC bias for enhanced precision is introduced. Specifically, the algorithm utilizes a traditional PID strategy to rapidly approximate the target temperature in the initial control stage. As the system approaches the target temperature and the temperature fluctuation decreases, it will automatically switch to an adaptive high-precision PID mode with dynamic DC bias. In this adaptive mode, the system continuously calculates the average output current and integrates temperature control errors over nearest time intervals. The overall control output is dynamically adjusted through adaptive weighting and deviation calculation to effectively counteract asymptotic and transient environmental disturbances. Additionally, the algorithm adopts an enhanced control strategy that combines dual-temperature sensing, primarily leveraging dynamic analysis of the hot-side temperature measurement to anticipate and counteract thermal disturbances. This predictive feedforward compensation, based on analyzing the rapid dynamic trends of the hot-side temperature, enables the controller to react preemptively to fast-changing disturbances before they significantly affect the controlled object, thereby substantially improving overall system stability and precision.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive PID algorithm with dynamic DC bias can consistently maintain temperature control accuracy at a millikelvin level. It effectively mitigates transient and gradual environmental temperature disturbances, exhibiting excellent robustness against varying PID parameter settings. Furthermore, the core logic of the algorithm remains straightforward, computationally efficient, and hardware-friendly, making it particularly suitable for embedded system implementation and practical engineering deployment.In conclusion, the high-precision adaptive PID temperature control strategy presented herein possesses significant theoretical and practical value by addressing inherent TEC system challenges through detailed internal modeling and adaptive control strategies, contributing both theoretically and practically to high-precision temperature control engineering.

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作者及机构信息

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通信作者: 张鹏, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; 朱仁江, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 62405038)、在渝本科高校与中国科学院所属院所合作项目(批准号: HZ2021007)、重庆市自然科学基金(批准号: CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0833)、重庆市教委科技研究计划(批准号: KJQN202200557, KJQN202300525)和重庆师范大学基金(批准号: 23XLB003)资助的课题.

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Corresponding author: ZHANG Peng, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; ZHU Renjiang, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62405038), the Cooperation Project between Chongqing Local Universities and Institutions of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. HZ2021007), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0833), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant Nos. KJQN202200557, KJQN202300525), and the Chongqing Normal University Fund Project, China (Grant No. 23XLB003).

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下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

名称	规格/(mm×mm×mm)	热导率/(W·m^–1·K^–1)	密度/(g·cm^–3)	比热容/(J·g^–1·K^–1)	等效热阻/Ω	等效热容/F
热源铜热沉	40×40×5	400	8.96	0.39	0.0078	27.96
TEC陶瓷层	40×40×1.2	20	—	—	0.0375	10
TEC热电偶层	40×40×1.6	0.8027	—	—	1.246	—
TEC铜散热器	40×40×15	400	8.96	0.39	0.023	83.87

下载: 导出CSV

随机扰动幅度/K	单路温度检测		双路温度检测
随机扰动幅度/K	标准差/mK	最大偏差/mK	标准差/mK	最大偏差/mK
0.2	2	5	1	3
0.4	3	7	2	4
0.6	4	9	3	5
0.8	5	9	3	6
1.0	5	10	4	7
1.2	6	12	4	8

下载: 导出CSV

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High-precision temperature control algorithm based on equivalent circuit model of thermoelectric cooling

摘要

Abstract

作者及机构信息

1.

2.

3.

通信作者: 张鹏, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; 朱仁江, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

Authors and contacts

1.

2.

3.

Corresponding author: ZHANG Peng, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; ZHU Renjiang, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

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High-precision temperature control algorithm based on equivalent circuit model of thermoelectric cooling

摘要

Abstract

作者及机构信息

1. 2. 3.

通信作者: 张鹏, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; 朱仁江, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

Authors and contacts

1. 2. 3.

Corresponding author: ZHANG Peng, zhangpeng2010@cqnu.edu.cn ; ZHU Renjiang, 20131121@cqnu.edu.cn

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