A novel target depth estimation method based on normal mode intensity match is proposed for shallow water environment by using horizontal array to overcome the performance degradation observed in traditional approaches under the condition that seabed parameters are not matched. Firstly, horizontal wavenumbers and normal mode intensities are estimated through wavenumber domain beamforming. Secondly, modal function of normal mode inversion is performed by solving the modal function characteristic equation by using the finite difference method. Thirdly, the match degree between inverted and estimated normal mode intensities is evaluated to estimate target depth. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the target depth in shallow water scenarios without knowing the seabed parameters. Furthermore, the performance of the method is analyzed under different conditions including different seabed parameters, array apertures and source frequencies. The results reveal three conclusions: 1) the mismatch of seabed parameters has no influence on the method; 2) the effective performance of full depth source estimation requires no less than 128 array elements, a frequency band range of 50–150 Hz, and the signal-to-noise radio of the element on a horizontal line array exceeding –10 dB; 3) the method has robust performance against sound speed profile mismatch. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is validated by the experimental data received by a horizontally towing 77-element array during the shallow-water sea trial in the South China Sea.
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