LU Bo; SHI Shaoping; GAO Li; WANG Xuan; LIN Yisong; TIAN Long; LI Wei; WANG Yajun; ZHENG Yaohui

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250640

Abstract

Balanced detector is a fundamental component for the accurately measuring quantum state fluctuations, especially quantum noise, which is crucial for future quantum-enhanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors utilizing squeezed light. By using a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) model core for balanced detection, a detailed theoretical and practical analysis is conducted on the electronic factors that affect the performance of the detector in the target ultra-low-frequency range. The TIA stage is meticulously designed using a high-performance integrated operational amplifier characterized by low offset voltage drift. In order to ensure the critical gain stability for ultra-low-frequency operation, this design adopts low temperature-drift metal foil resistors. Subsequent voltage amplification is achieved using a noninverting amplifier configuration to attain the necessary high electrical gain, while strictly managing overall electronic noise. By recognizing the criticality of common-mode noise rejection for quantum noise measurements, the photodiode (PD) nonlinear response compensation mechanism is analyzed and optimized. This is achieved through the innovative implementation of a differential fine-tuning circuit (DFTC) coupled with an adjustable bias voltage (ABV) compensation scheme. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the optimized design. The compensation scheme utilizing DFTC and ABV successfully achieves a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) exceeding 75 dB@500 Hz. Crucially, the detector achieves an electronic noise spectral density of 3.5 × 10^–5 V/Hz^1/2 within the 1 mHz–1 Hz band, exceeding the requirements for laser intensity noise (1 × 10^–4 V/Hz^1/2) in space-based gravitational wave detection. Furthermore, the detector demonstrates high gain capability and bandwidth: with an incident detection light power of 4 mW, the balanced detector achieves a gain of 20 dB maintained in a wide frequency range from 1 mHz to 1 MHz. This work presents the design, detailed analysis, and experimental realization of optimized balanced detectors specifically tailored for high-sensitivity measurements in the millihertz gravitational wave frequency band. The achieved low electronic noise base below 1 Hz and high CMRR meet the key requirements for future space-based gravitational wave detectors to detect squeezed states of light. This optimized balanced detector provides important components and technical support for the next-generation space-based gravitational wave detection and millihertz squeezed light characterization.

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Corresponding author: SHI Shaoping, ssp4208@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62035015, 62225504, 62027821, U22A6003, 12304399, 12174234, 12274275, 62375162), the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 202303021212003, 202303021224006), and the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 202302150101015).

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Vol. 74, Issue 18 - 2025-09-20

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