YU Jingchun; LU Wenbin; CHEN Bin; DU Yongqiang; XIE Feng; LI Wei; WEI Kejin

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250791

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and can theoretically achieve unconditionally secure communication that is provable by information theory. Quantum random number generators, on the other hand, utilize the inherent randomness of quantum phenomena and are capable of generating a truly random entropy source that is unpredictable, unbiased and unrepeatable. These two technologies are crucial for building highly trustworthy and secure communication systems resistant to quantum attacks. However, their large-scale deployment still faces challenges such as system performance optimization, cost control and scale production.Relying on wafer-level fabrication platforms and micro-nanometer processing, integrated photonics technology integrates the core devices of traditional QKD systems (e.g., light source, modulator, and detector) in a single chip at high density. It significantly improves the miniaturization, operational stability and cost-effectiveness of the system, and enhances the intrinsic security, and becomes a key enabling platform to drive QKD and QRNG from laboratory to engineering applications.In this paper, we systematically review the recent breakthroughs of photonic integrated QKD based on different material platforms (SOI/InP/TFLN/Si₃N₄) in terms of core metrics, such as transmission distance and key rate, as well as the significant breakthroughs of integrated QRNG in terms of random number generation rate and system integration. Finally, the future development direction of this field is discussed and outlooked from the four dimensions of practical security of QKD systems, on-chip implementation of cutting-edge QKD protocols, practical fully-integrated QKD systems, and synergistic optimization of high performance and high integration of integrated QRNG.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: LI Wei, weil@usst.edu.cn ; WEI Kejin, kjwei@gxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62171144, 62031024), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant Nos. 2025GXNSFAA069137, GXR-1BGQ2424005), and the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education, China (Grant No. YCBZ2024002).

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Cited By

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

对比维度	SOI	InP	TFLN	Si₃N₄
折射率 (1550 nm)	~3.48	~3.2	~2.2	~2.0
透明窗口 /μm	1.1—8.0	0.9—1.7	0.4—5.0	0.25—6.00
传输损耗	★★★	★★	★★★★	★★★★★
工艺成熟度	★★★★★	★★★	★★	★★★
光源	★★★	★★★★★	★★★	★
探测器	★★★	★★★★	★★★	★★★
调制器	★★★	★★★★	★★★★★	★★

DownLoad: CSV

文献	工艺	器件				编码方式	协议	重复频率 /MHz	传输损耗 /dB	平均速率 /kbps
文献	工艺	光源	编码	解调	探测	编码方式	协议	重复频率 /MHz	传输损耗 /dB	平均速率 /kbps
[43]	SI	×	√	×	×	偏振编码	BB84	312.5	20^a	42.7
[44]	Si₃N₄	√	√	√	√	时间戳-相位编码	BB84	3350	10	12170
[45]	Si₃N₄/InP	×	√	√	×	时间戳-相位编码	BB84	1000	9.3	2370
[10]	SI	√	√	×	×	偏振编码	BB84	2500	2.2	115800
[46]	SI	×	√	√	×	偏振编码	BB84	50	18.857	0.24
[47]	SI	×	√	√	×	偏振编码	BB84	50	28.992	0.866
[48]	SI	√	√	√	×	时间戳-相位编码	BB84	2500	39.5	9.4
[49]	TFLN	×	√	√	×	时间戳-相位编码	BB84	2500	4.1	1.1×10⁴
[50]	TFLN	×	√	√	×	时间戳-相位编码/相位编码	BB84	10	6.43	0.77

DownLoad: CSV

文献	工艺	器件				编码方式	协议	重复频率/ MHz	传输损耗/dB	平均速率/kbps
文献	工艺	光源	编码	解调	探测	编码方式	协议	重复频率/ MHz	传输损耗/dB	平均速率/kbps
[51]	InP/Si₃N₄	√	×	×	√	相位编码	GG02	250	10^a	750
[52]	SI	×	×	√	×	相位编码	GG02	1000	5.72^a	1380
[53]	SI	×	×	√	√	相位编码	GG02	100	4.6	220
[54]	InP	√	√	×	×	相位编码	GG02	16	2.04	78
[55]	SI	×	√	√	√	相位编码	DM CV-QKD	10000	2^a	3.51×10⁵
[56]	SI	×	√	√	√	相位编码	DM CV-QKD	16000	4^a	2.46×10⁵
[57]	SI	×	√	√	√	偏振编码/相位编码	DM CV-QKD	20000	1.98	1.213×10⁶

DownLoad: CSV

文献	工艺	熵源	设备信任	探测	采样方式	生成速率/Mbps
[64]	SI	真空噪声	测量设备无关	零差探测	FPGA(实时)	—
[65]	InP	自发辐射相位噪声	完全可信	光电探测	示波器(离线)	6110
[66]	SI	真空噪声	完全可信	零差探测	示波器(离线)	1×10⁵
[67]	SI	真空态涨落	源设备无关	零差探测	示波器(离线)	146.2
[68]	SI	光子偏振态	源设备无关	单光子探测	单光子探测器+ 时间数字转换器(离线)	4.04
[69]	SiO₂	真空噪声	完全可信	零差探测	FPGA(实时)	5×10⁴
[70]	SI/InP	真空噪声	完全可信	零差探测	FPGA(实时)	1.02
[26]	InP	真空态涨落	完全可信	光电探测	FPGA(实时)	2×10³
[71]	SI	真空噪声	源设备无关	零差探测	FPGA(实时)	2×10⁴
[25]	SI	光子偏振态	源设备无关	单光子探测	单光子探测器+ 时间数字转换器(离线)	9.49
[72]	SI	真空态涨落	源设备无关	外差探测	示波器(离线)	20212
注: 表中所有基于不同平台集成的QRNG工作均采用了“Toeplitz Hashing”后处理技术.

DownLoad: CSV

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Vol. 74, Issue 16 - 2025-08-20

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