Luo Yi-Zhen; Ma Luo-Jia; Sun Ming-Shuo; Wu Si-Rui; Qiu Li-Hua; Wang He; Wang Qin

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241269

Abstract

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is based on the basic principles of quantum mechanics, and therefore has unconditional security in theory. In existing quantum key distribution systems, weakly coherent sources (WCSs) are often used as light sources due to a high probability of vacuum pulses in these sources, resulting in limited transmission distances. Besides, there inevitably exist equipment defects in actual QKD systems, such as certain defects in phase modulators and intensity modulators, which lead to distinguishability of quantum states in higher dimensions and result in side-channel vulnerabilities. An eavesdropper can carry out corresponding attacks, thereby threatening the actual security of QKD systems. To overcome the above limitations, we propose an improved protocol on quantum key distribution based on monitoring heralded single-photon sources. Due to the simultaneity of parametric down-conversion photon pairs, we can accurately predict the arrival of one photon by measuring the arrival time of another photon. Through this way, we can greatly reduce the probability of vacuum states in the signal light, and increase the longest transmission distance of the QKD system. Moreover, a light source monitoring module is inserted into the sender’s side. By randomly selecting a certain period of time through the source monitoring module to measure the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between the signal light and the idle light , we can estimate the side-channel information leakage of the source and then obtain the key generation rate.Compared with the QKD protocol based on monitoring weak coherent sources, our present protocol can give a better performance in either the transmission distance or the key generation rate, especially when the interference error is large. In addition, in principle, our present protocol can also be extended to other quantum key distribution protocols, such as the measurement-device-independent protocols, to further improve the security and practicability of QKD systems. Therefore, our present work can provide valuable references for realizing the large-scale application of quantum communication networks in the near future.

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Corresponding author: Wang Qin, qinw@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Industrial Prospect and Key Core Technology Projects of Key R & D Program of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BE2022071), the Leading-edge Technology Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20192001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12074194), and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. KYCX22_0954).

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N α/(dB·km^–1) d_A η_A Y₀ e_d η_B

10¹⁰ 0.2 10^–6 0.75 6.02×10^–6 0.015 0.145

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Vol. 73, Issue 24 - 2024-12-20

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N	α/(dB·km^–1)	d_A	η_A	Y₀	e_d	η_B
10¹⁰	0.2	10^–6	0.75	6.02×10^–6	0.015	0.145

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