YANG Yingqi; LI Keyi; LIN Guiyang; LIN Yihua; ZHENG Guanying; XIE Baosong; CUI Lina; LIU Xiang Yang

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250433

Abstract

The rapid monitoring devices, but there are still challenges in achieving medical-grade accuracy in quantitative pulmonary function assessment. This study integrates water molecule-responsive flexible sensing technology, wearable devices, and cloud-based intelligent analysis platform to develop the first medical-grade flexible respiratory sensing system (SFMS). By utilizing the synergistic effect of bionic microcavity differential pressure sensing and humidity-sensitive interfaces, combined with a pressure difference-flux dynamic model, the system can simultaneously resolve peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced vital capacity (FVC), accurately obtaining core pulmonary function indicators such as FEV₁/FVC. Clinical validation of 454 cases demonstrates high consistency with gold-standard spirometry (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.93–0.97), with a sensitivity of 89.7% and specificity of 92.3% in differentiating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from asthma. Technologically, this work pioneers a medical-grade flexible sensor for quantitative pulmonary testing, and eliminates dependence on specialized operators through an embedded edge computing architecture that supports real-time cloud data interaction. The system establishes disease-specific profiles through multi-parametric physiological correlation analysis. Practically, its low cost, portability, and user-friendly operation facilitate seamless integration into primary healthcare and home health management, providing technical tools for hierarchical diagnosis and treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. Aligned with WHO's Respiratory Health Action Plan, this innovation enables universal monitoring to advance early screening and long-term disease management. As this innovation possesses significant clinical translation potential, it provides a groundbreaking solution for building a comprehensive prevention and control framework for respiratory diseases.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: CUI Lina, cuilina@qztc.edu.cn ; LIU Xiang Yang, liuxy@xmu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12074322), the Joint Innovation Fund of Department of Science and Technology of Fujian Province, China (Grant No. 2020Y9028), and the Medical and Health Key Project of Xiamen, China (Grant No. 3502Z20234010).

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Cited By

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类型	原理	核心材料	优点	缺点
柔性湿变电阻式呼吸传感器 (Flexible humistor)^[40–43]	导电材料的电阻随呼吸潮气分压的变化而变化; 第一种材料体系如, 石墨烯/蚕丝复合材料; 这里, 蚕丝材料由潮气引起的循环结构, 引起石墨烯网络断开/重连, 使其电阻随呼吸潮气的分压而变化	蚕丝、碳纳米管、石墨烯的介观杂化材料	在呼吸传感的中高湿度区, 有很高的湿度变化感知性与反应速度; 可水洗、无运动伪影; 原则上, 无限次循环	在进行定量测量过程中, 开放环境对测量结果影响较大
柔性湿变电容式传感 (Capacitive humidity sensor)^[44–46]	这种传感器与和电介质的相对介电常数在不同潮气下的数值的变化有关	特殊纤维与介质材料	在呼吸传感的中高湿度区, 有很高的湿度变化感知性与反应速度; 可水洗、无运动伪影; 原则上, 无限次循环	在进行定量测量过程中, 开放环境对测量结果影响较大

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误差分析项目	FEV₁	FVC	PEF
相对误差百分比的平均值/%	8.14	7.12	12.23
测量误差	0.085±0.264	0.085±0.320	0.000±0.691
皮尔森相关系数	0.944	0.935	0.957
ICC3	0.944	0.933	0.956

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误差分析项目	FEV₁	FVC	FEV₁/FVC	FEV₁%pred
相对误差百分比的平均值/%	7.26	8.15	6.37	9.32
测量误差/%	0.000±0.206	0.000±0.315	0.000±5.7	0.000±8.649
皮尔森相关系数	0.969	0.935	0.921	0.944
ICC3	0.968	0.933	0.917	0.942

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性能对比	本文中使用的柔性潮气传感	其他柔性潮气传感
响应时间/s	3.5	11.7
恢复时间/s	4.0	23.9
湿度范围/%	6—97	11—75

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类型	原理	优点	缺点
热膜式^[33]	加热元件受气流冷却导致电阻变化	高灵敏度、响应快	易受环境温度干扰
压差式^[33]	测量气道两端压力差推算流速	直接测量气流	需紧密贴合面部
阻抗式^[34]	胸腔容积变化改变体表阻抗	无接触、适合长期监测	易受运动伪影影响
声学传感器^[35]	检测呼吸音频率与振幅	非侵入式、低成本	环境噪声干扰严重

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类型	原理	核心材料	优点	缺点
柔性压变阻式呼吸传感^[36]	柔性压变阻式呼吸传感器基于材料的压阻效应(piezoresistive effect), 即材料在受到外力形变时, 其电阻值发生改变: 1) 传感结构: 通常由柔性基底材料(如PDMS、PET、聚酰亚胺等)和导电敏感材料(如碳基材料、金属纳米线、导电聚合物)复合而成; 2) 呼吸监测机制: 呼吸时胸腔或腹部的周期性起伏导致呼吸传感器发生微形变. 形变改变导电材料的微观结构(如颗粒间距、导电通路), 从而引起电阻变化	石墨烯-PDMS复合薄膜: 材料体系如, 形变传统材料(石墨烯/PDMS复合材料). 这里, 材料变形引起石墨烯微裂纹结构在形变时断开/重连, 电阻显著变化; 液态金属(镓铟合金): 嵌入微流道中, 形变导致导电通路长度变化(可检测0.1%应变); 其优点是结构简单、响应快(<50 ms); 局限性为易受温度漂移影响, 需温度补偿电路	高灵敏度和响应速度: 可检测微小压力变化(如呼吸引起的微米级形变); 低功耗: 被动式传感, 无需外部供电(仅需读取电路); 低成本: 材料易得(如石墨烯、碳纳米管), 制备工艺成熟	1)长期稳定性问题. 材料疲劳: 反复形变可能导致导电层断裂或基底老化;环境干扰: 温湿度变化可能影响电阻基线. 2) 信号漂移: 长时间使用后需重新校准. 3) 动态范围限制: 对剧烈呼吸或极端形变的检测精度可能下降. 4) 交叉敏感性: 可能受身体其他部位运动(如咳嗽、翻身)干扰. 5) 信号处理复杂度: 需结合滤波算法消除噪声(如基线漂移、运动伪影)
柔性形变电容式呼吸传感器^[37]	导电材料的电阻随形变(拉伸/压缩)而变化	银纳米线嵌入弹性纤维	可水洗、适合集成到衣物, 开发透气性银纳米线电极, 解决长期穿戴舒适性问题	灵敏度有限, 测试重复性有限, 不利于长期使用
压电呼吸传感器^[37]	压电材料(如PVDF, ZnO纳米线) 在应力作用下产生极化电荷 (Q = d·F, d为压电系数)	PVDF/ZnO纳米线阵列	自供能、微秒级响应	测试重复性有限, 不利于长期使用
光纤呼吸传感器^[38,39]	光纤布拉格光栅(FBG): 呼吸形变改变光栅周期 → 反射波长偏移	FBG光纤或柔性光子晶体	抗电磁干扰、适合高温/腐蚀环境	系统复杂度高, 成本昂贵

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Vol. 74, Issue 14 - 2025-07-20

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