ZHU Hao; LI Junbao; GE Xiaohui; LI Depeng

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250741

Abstract

Acoustic black hole (ABH) structures are renowned for their unique wave-focusing ability and have been widely utilized in the fields of acoustics and vibration. Based on this property, a novel high-sensitivity hydrophone design incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) ABH structure is proposed in this work. According to the principles of geometrical acoustics, the wave-converging behavior of bending waves in ABH structures is compared to the bending of acoustic ray in underwater acoustics. A simplified theoretical model describing the relationship between the bending wave trajectory and the wave speed gradient in polar coordinates is established for two-dimensional (2D) ABH configurations and verified through numerical simulations. Based on this mechanism, a 2D ABH hydrophone is developed by integrating the ABH structure into bending-plate hydrophone, enabling vibration energy concentration and significantly enhancing sensitivity. The comparative studies of hydrophones using uniform-thickness plates and linearly tapered thickness plates as receiving surfaces confirm the superior performance of the ABH hydrophone in a frequency range of 1.7–5.8 kHz. To address the significant undulations observed in the sensitivity response, which is attributed to vibration superposition, a liquid cavity of specific length is introduced. This leads to the development of an ABH-Helmholtz-coupled hydrophone (ABHH hydrophone), wherein the first two bending modes of the ABH structure are coupled with the resonant modes of a single-ended open liquid cavity, resulting in broadband reception capability. The prototypes of both hydrophone designs are fabricated and experimentally tested in an anechoic water tank. The results show that both devices achieve peak receiving sensitivities exceeding –169 dB. Notably, the ABHH hydrophone maintains sensitivity fluctuations within 8 dB in a frequency band of 2.6–5.3 kHz. This study confirms that 2D ABH structures can effectively improve hydrophone sensitivity through bending wave convergence, and can achieve broadband acoustic detection when the structure is coupled with liquid cavity resonators. These findings lay a solid foundation for the application of ABH structures in the design of underwater acoustic transducer.

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Corresponding author: LI Junbao, lijb@mail.ioa.ac.cn

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DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

水听器接收面模型	接收灵敏度/dB		指向性–3 dB开角/(°)
水听器接收面模型	最大值	最大起伏	2.95 kHz	5.25 kHz
均匀板$ h = {h_1} $	–178.7	21.35	121.6	91.8
均匀板$ h = {h_2} $	–176.3	33.2	144.8	139.2
线性变厚度板	–180.6	23.1	153.7	116.6
ABH板	–167.3	20.7	156.0	99.0

DownLoad: CSV

模态阶数	仿真			实测
模态阶数	频率 /kHz	灵敏度 /dB	–3 dB开角/(°)	频率 /kHz	灵敏度 /dB	–3 dB开角/(°)
1阶	2.95	–167.3	156	2.9	–168.8	120
2阶	5.25	–168.5	99	5.0	–168.6	85

DownLoad: CSV

模态阶数	仿真			实测
模态阶数	频率 /kHz	灵敏度 /dB	–3 dB开角/(°)	频率 /kHz	灵敏度 /dB	–3 dB开角/(°)
1阶	2.75	–167.0	160	2.8	–170.4	135
2阶	3.85	–168.4	96	3.6	–173.9	95
3阶	5.30	–167.8	64	5.0	–169.0	69

DownLoad: CSV

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Vol. 74, Issue 19 - 2025-10-05

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