GUO Xiaomin; WANG Qiqi; LUO Yue; SONG Zhijie; LI Zhengya; QU Yikun; GUO Yanqiang; XIAO Liantuan

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250333

Abstract

Continuous-variable quantum random number generator (cv-QRNG) has attracted much attention due to its convenient state preparation and high measurement bandwidth. Chip-size integration of this type of QRNG is expectable because all components involved have been integrated on a single chip recently. Most of the existing schemes, including all existing commercial schemes, usually use a once-and-for-all approach to evaluate quantum entropy. In this work, we propose a double-level parallel cv-QRNG scheme that integrates real-time phase-space monitoring and entropy evaluation. By using dynamic threshold monitoring and self-adapting scaling of Toeplitz matrix, the security and generation rate of QRNG can be enhanced simultaneously.Experimentally, a parallel extraction system of vacuum state double quadratures and multiple sideband modes is constructed based on heterodyne, providing sufficient raw data for high-precision and high-speed tomography reconstruction of quantum entropy source and parallel extraction of QRNG. Based on the statistical analysis of data under long-term stable operation of the system, dynamic KLD-sensitive security threshold for statistical distribution of Husimi-Q function of the entropy source is established. When a weak chaotic field is injected to simulate a thermal state attack, the KLD value jumps and quickly deviates from the steady state baseline, manifesting a sensitive identification of the attack. It is worth pointing out that the threshold parameter can be dynamically optimized according to the security requirements of actual application scenarios. An FPGA-based real-time feedback Toeplitz-hash extractor employs a maximum matrix bit-width truncation method to dynamically adjust Toeplitz matrix parameters. This optimization reduces the maximum extraction ratio interval from 6% to 1.8%, with all intervals below 1% for extraction ratios ≤76%, significantly mitigating entropy losses caused by discrete adjustment of the Toeplitz matrix, and achieving a minimum extraction ratio of 16.9%. This flexibility enables the system to accurately control the response sensitivity of abnormal signals while maintaining the real-time generation of quantum random bits. Finally, real-time generation rate of 17.512 Gbit/s is attained with security parameters at the level of 10^–50 and the generated random numbers passed NIST SP 800-22, Diehard, and TestU01 standard tests.This research provides a technical path for real-time assessment of entropy source security in QRNG. The proposed scheme has good integrability and scalability, presenting a feasible solution for QRNG to enter the application stage.

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Corresponding author: GUO Yanqiang, guoyanqiang@tyut.edu.cn ; XIAO Liantuan, xlt@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1404201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62475185, 62175176, U23A20380), and the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 202403021221034).

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Cited By

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

通道	条件最小熵 /(16 bit)	矩阵规模 m × n	后处理提取比/%	实时生成速率 /(Gbit·s^–1)
X (300 MHz)	11.79	1729×2496	69.27	4.4334
P (300 MHz)	11.71	1729×2496	69.27	4.4334
X (800 MHz)	11.54	1729×2560	67.54	4.3226
P (800 MHz)	11.45	1729×2560	67.54	4.3226

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Vol. 74, Issue 12 - 2025-06-20

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